蜾（guǒ）蠃（luǒ）亞科（學名：Eumeninae）是胡蜂科之下五個亞科之一，是一類分佈於全球的黄蜂，也是胡蜂科之下生物多樣性最高的一個亞科。有部份文獻將本亞科提升至科級，是為蜾蠃科（學名：Eumenidae）。
蜾蠃亞科
Ancistrocerus（英语：Ancistrocerus） species[1]
科学分类
界：
动物界 Animalia
门：
节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：
昆虫纲 Insecta
目：
膜翅目 Hymenoptera
总科：
胡蜂總科 Vespoidea
科：
胡蜂科 Vespidae
亚科：
蜾蠃亞科 Eumeninae
多样性
本亞科有接近200個屬、3000個物種。
目录
1 形態
2 习性
3 分類
4 生态应用
5 圖庫
6 參考文獻
7 外部連結
形態
编辑
本亞科物種普遍均為色黑或棕，常帶有鮮明的黃色、白色、橙色、紅色、甚或上述各色混合的斑紋。
习性
编辑
美國南卡罗来纳州一幅磚牆上有一個由蜾蠃建的巢。
蜾蠃亚科大多数独栖，雌蜂在交配后会选择合适的地点筑巢，并在巢内繁衍后代[2]。蜾蠃亞科物種築巢方法多樣，有些會利用現有由其他鞘翅目或膜翅目物種曾在木塊上建立的廢棄管道裡棲息；也有些會在人工建築（如：建築物或電子部件上的鑽孔或釘孔）裡棲息；但大多數會在地底或地面上利用沙泥築成巢穴。牠們的巢穴不像其他蜂類那樣有多室，而是一般只有一個窩室，少數會有多於一個。因此，過往有假設認為蜾蠃亞科物種正處於從獨居到的有階級真社會性結構的過渡期[3]。蜾蠃用來築巢的泥沙會以反吐（英语：Regurgitation (digestion)）出來的水黏合，但有不少物種會用咀嚼過後的植物來黏合。
蜾蠃亚科的雌蜂通常通过分泌毒素麻痹猎物[4]，主要捕食鳞翅目昆虫[5]，将其置于虫室内供孵化幼虫取食，随后用泥块密封虫室和巢口[6][7]。
分類
编辑
蜾蠃亞科是胡蜂科五個亞科之中生物多樣性最高的一個，有205個屬、3700多個物種（英语：List of potter wasp genera）[8][9][10]。Zethinae（英语：Zethinae）亞科的成員過往亦屬於蜾蠃亞科，但近年的研究認為這些物種在存在會令本亞科成為一個並系群，因為將牠們抽出來自組一個亞科[3]。
蜾蠃亚科包括以下属：
Abispa Mitchell, 1838
Acanthodynerus Gusenleitner, 1969
Acarodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
Acarozumia Bequaert, 1921
Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965
Afreumenes Bequaert, 1926
Afrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1934
Afrogamma Giordani Soika, 1987
Afroxanthodynerus Giordani Soika, 1979
Alastor Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841
Alastorynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Alfieria Giordani Soika, 1934
Allepipona Giordani Soika, 1987
Allodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Allorhynchium Vecht, 1963
Alphamenes Bertoni, 1934
Ancistroceroides Saussure, 1855
Antamenes Giordani Soika, 1957
啄蜾蠃属 Antepipona de Saussure, 1855
Anterhynchium de Saussure, 1863
Antezumia de Saussure, 1875
Antherhynchium
Antodynerus Saussure, 1855
Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
Araucodynerus Willink, 1968
Archancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1986
Argentozethus Stange, 1979
Aruodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
Asiodynerus Kurzenko, 1977
Astalor Schulthess, 1925
Australodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
Australozethus Giordani-Soika, 1969
Belonogaster de Saussure, 1854
Brachymenes Giordani Soika, 1961
Brachyodynerus Bluethgen, 1938
Brachypipona Gusenleitner, 1967
Calligaster de Saussure, 1852
Carinstrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989
Catilostenus Meunier, 1888
Cephalastor Giordani Soika, 1982
Cephalochilus Blüthgen, 1939
Cephalodynerus Parker, 1965
Chartergus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
Chelodynerus Perkins, 1902
Chlorodynerus Bluethgen, 1951
Chlunodynerus
Clorodynerus
Coeleumenes Vecht, 1963
Coelodynerus
Convextrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989
Crassodynerus
Crastinocerus
Crestocranius
Ctenochilus Saussure, 1856
Cuyodynerus Willink, 1968
Cyphodynerus
Cyphomenes Giordani Soika, 1978
Cyrtalastor Giordani Soika, 1989
Cyrteumenes Giordani Soika, 1991
細蜾蠃屬 Cyrtolabulus Van der Vecht, 1969
Delta Saussure, 1855
Deuterodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904
Diemodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
Discoelius Latreille, 1809
Dolichodynerus Bohart, 1939
外舌蜾蠃属 Ectopioglossa Perkins, 1912
Elimus de Saussure, 1852
Elisella Soika, 1974
Epiodynerus Giordani Soika, 1957
Epsilon Saussure, 1855
Eremodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
Erodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
Eudiscoelius Friese, 1904
Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995
Eumenestiferus Meunier, 1888
Eumenidiopsis Giordani Soika, 1939
Eumicrodynerus Gusenleitner, 1972
Eunortonia Carpenter, 1985
Euodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Euodynerus Ma, Chen & Li, 2017
Eustenancistrocerus Blüthgen, 1938
Flammodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962
Flavoleptus Giordani Soika, 1992
Gamma Zavattari, 1912
Gastrodynerus Bohart, 1984
Gibberhynchium
Gioiella Giordani Soika, 1985
Giordania Gusenleitner, 1995
Globepipona Gusenleitner, 1998
Globodynerus Giordani Soika, 1987
Gribodia Zavattari, 1912
Gymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938
Harmorhynchium Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
Hemipterochilis
Hemipterochilus Ferton, 1909
Hirtocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992
Hoplomerus
Hypalastoroides Saussure, 1856
Hypancistrocerus Saussure, 1855
Incodynerus Willink, 1968
Intereuodynerus Gusenleitner, 1997
Interzumia Gusenleitner, 2002
Irianmenes Giordani Soika, 1993
Ischnocoelia Perkins, 1908
Ischnogasteroides Magretti, 1884
Jucancistrocerus Bluethgen, 1938
黄斑蜾蠃属 Katamenes Meade-Waldo, 1910
Kennetia
Knemodynerus Blüthgen, 1940
Labochilus Bluthgen, 1939
小柄蜾蠃属 Labus de Saussure, 1867
Laevimenes Giordani Soika, 1978
Lamellodynerus Gusenleitner, 1999
Latimenes Giordani Soika, 1992
Latrodynerus
Leionotus Saussure, 1853
Leptocheilus
Leptochiloides Bohart, 1940
Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853
Leptodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Leptomenes Giordani Soika, 1939
Leptomenoides Giordani Soika, 1962
细盾蜾蠃属 Leptomicrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985
Leptopterocheilus Giordani Soika, 1953
Leucodynerus Bohart, 1982
Lissepipona Giordani Soika, 1995
Lissodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993
Macrocalymma Perkins, 1908
Malagassodynerus Gusenleitner, 1992
Malayepipona Giordani Soika, 1993
Malgachemenes Gusenleitner, 1992
Maricopodynerus Viereck, 1908
Mecodynerus
Micreumenes Ashmead, 1902
Microdynerus Thomson, 1874
Minixi Giordani Soika, 1978
Mitrodynerus
Monobia de Saussure, 1852
Monodynerus Gusenleitner, 1982
Montezumia de Saussure, 1852
Nannodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Nesodynerus Perkins, 1901
Nestocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992
Nirtenia Giordani Soika, 1989
Nortonia de Saussure, 1869
Nortozumia Van der Vecht, 1937
Odontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Okinawepipona Yamane, 1987
Omicrabulus Giordani Soika, 1987
Omicroides Giordani Soika, 1935
Omicron de Saussure, 1855
Onychopterocheilus Bluethgen, 1955
Orancistrocerus Vecht, 1963
奥蜾蠃属 Oreumenes Bequaert, 1926
Oreumenoides Giordani Soika, 1961
Ovodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985
Pachodynerus Saussure, 1875
Pachycoelius Giordani-Soika, 1969
Pachymenes de Saussure, 1852
Pachyminixi Giordani Soika, 1978
Parachilus Goirdani Soika, 1960
Paragymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938
Paralastor Saussure, 1856
Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika, 1970
Paralionotulus Blüthgen, 1938
Paramischocyttarus Magretti, 1884
Parancistrocerus Bequaert, 1925
Paranortonia Bertoni, 1934
Pararaphidoglossa Zavattari, 1912
旁喙蜾蠃屬 Pararrhynchium de Saussure, 1855
Paraslator
Paravespa Radoszkowski, 1886
Paravespula Blüthgen, 1938
Parazumia Saussure, 1855
秀蜾蠃属 Pareumenes de Saussure, 1855
Parifodynerus Soika, 1962
Parodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Parodynerus de Saussure, 1855
Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996
Phimenes Giordani Soika, 1992
Phimenes de Saussure, 1855
Pirhosigma Giordani Soika, 1978
Plagiolabra Schulthess, 1903
Plocancistrocerus
Polistepipona Giordani Soika, 1989
Polistes Latreille, 1802
Polybia Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
Postepipona Soika, 1974
Proepipona Giordani Soika, 1977
Protodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904
Pseudabispa Vecht, 1960
Pseudacaromenes Giordani Soika, 1978
Pseudagris Saussure, 1863
Pseudalastor Giordani Soika, 1962
Pseudepipona Dalla Torre
Pseudepipona Saussure, 1856
Pseudochilus Saussure, 1856
Pseudodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
Pseudodynerus de Saussure, 1855
Pseudoleptochilus Blüthgen, 1938
Pseudomicrodymerus
Pseudomicrodynerus Blüthgen, 1938
Pseudonortonia Timon-David, 1944
Pseudopterocheilus Perkins, 1901
Pseudosymmorphus Blüthgen, 1938
Pseudozethus Perkins, 1914
Pseudozumia Saussure, 1875
Pseumenes Giordani Soika, 1935
Psiliglossa S.S.Saunders, 1852
Pterocheilus Klug, 1805
Pterochilus
Pteromenes Giordani Soika, 1960
Raphiglossa S.S.Saunders, 1850
Raphiglossoides Giordani Soika, 1936
Rhaphiglossa
Rhynchagris Maidl, 1915
Rhynchalastor Meade-Waldo, 1910
Rhynchium Spinola, 1806
Rotundipetiolus Zhang, 1989
Rugomenes Giordani Soika, 1992
Rygchium Spinola, 1806
Santamenes Giordani Soika, 1990
Smeringodynerus Snelling, 1975
Sphaeromenes Giordani Soika, 1978
Spinilabochilus Kurzenko, 1981
Stellepipona Giordani Soika, 1973
Stenancistrocerus Saussure, 1863
Stenodyneriellus Giordani Soika, 1962
Stenodynerus Saussure, 1864
Stenonartonia Giordani Soika, 1973
Stenosigma Giordani Soika, 1978
Stroudia Gribodo, 1892
Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855
Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836
Synagis
Synagris Latreille, 1802
Synargris
Syneuodynerus Blüthgen, 1951
Tachyancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1952
Tachymenes Giordani Soika, 1983
Trachyodynerus Giordani Soika, 1989
Tricarinodynerus Giordani Soika, 1952
Trichodynerus
Tropidodynerus Blüthgen, 1939
Tuleara Gusenleitner, 2000
Xanthodynerus Blüthgen, 1954
Xenorhynchium Vecht, 1963
Zeta de Saussure, 1855
Zeteumenes Bertoni, 1921
Zeteumenidion
Zethus Fabricius, 1804
生态应用
编辑
在农林生态系统中，蜾蠃亞科不仅是农作物的传粉者，还是农林害虫的天敌[5]。
圖庫
编辑
Eumenes pomiformis
Potter's wasp nests, Springdale, AR
Pseudodynerus quadrisectus（英语：Pseudodynerus quadrisectus） nest built in a hole bored by a carpenter bee（英语：carpenter bee）
Phimenes flavopictus（英语：Phimenes flavopictus） nectaring
Phimenes flavopictus（英语：Phimenes flavopictus）
Phimenes flavopictus（英语：Phimenes flavopictus）
Phimenes flavopictus（英语：Phimenes flavopictus） building nest
參考文獻
编辑
^ Cirrus Digital: Potter Wasp and Mud Pot Nest （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Costa, Camila Cristina Ferreira da; Gonçalves, Rodrigo Barbosa. What do we know about Neotropical trap‑nesting bees? Synopsis about their nest biology and taxonomy. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 2019-05-15, 59: e20195926. doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.26.
^ 3.0 3.1 Piekarski, PK; Carpenter, JM; Lemmon, AR; Moriarty-Lemmon, E; Sharanowski, BJ. Phylogenomic Evidence Overturns Current Conceptions of Social Evolution in Wasps (Vespidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2018-06, 35 (9): 2097–2109. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy124 （英语）. 使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (link)
^ 李参; 王铁伟, 董秀仁. 黄唇蜾蠃蜂及其利用的初步研究. 昆虫学报. 1975, 18 (2): 151–155 [2024-09-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-13）. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^ 5.0 5.1 陆俊; 李文强，刘琪，冉芸琪，胡锋，龚文奥，张诗雨，章肇棋，黄敦元. 黄缘蜾蠃营巢生物学研究. 环境昆虫学报. 2024, (3): 744–752 [2024-09-13]. （原始内容存档于2024-09-13）. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^ Fateryga, A. V. The nest structure in four wasp species of the genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Eumeninae). Entomological Review. 2013-07, 93 (4): 412–421. doi:10.1134/S0013873813030027.
^ Cowan, David P. 2. The Solitary and Presocial Vespidae. 2. The Solitary and Presocial Vespidae. Cornell University Press. : 33–73 [2024-09-13]. ISBN 978-1-5017-1867-0. （原始内容存档于2024-09-13） （英语）.
^ Carpenter, James M. The phylogenetic relationships and natural classificition of the Vespoidea (Hymenptera). Systematic Entomology. 1982-01, 7 (1): 11–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00124.x.
^ Nidup, Tshering; Klein, Wim; Kumar, P. Girish; Dorji, Phurpa. Additional reports of solitary potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2018-04-26, 10 (5): 11686. doi:10.11609/jott.3888.10.5.11686-11696.
^ Tan, Jiang-Li; Carpenter, James M.; van Achterberg, Cornelis. An illustrated key to the genera of Eumeninae from China, with a checklist of species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). ZooKeys. 2018-03-02, 740: 109–149. doi:10.3897/zookeys.740.22654.
James M. Carpenter. A synonymic generic checklist of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (PDF). Psyche (entomological journal)（英语：Psyche (entomological journal)）. 1986, 93: 61–90 [2019-05-16]. doi:10.1155/1986/12489. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-07-18）.
Carpenter, J. M. & B. R. Garcete-Barrett. 2003. A key to the neotropical genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14: 52–73.
Giordani Soika, 1989. Terzo contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi afrotropicali (Hymenoptera). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 14(1) 1989: 19–68.
Giordani Soika, A. 1992. Di alcuni eumenidi nuovi o poco noti (Hymenoptera Vespoidea). Societá Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 17 1992: 41–68.
Giordani Soika, A. 1993. Di alcuni nuovi eumenidi della regione orientale (Hym. Vespoidea). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 42, 30 giugno 1991(1993): 151–163.
Gusenleitner. 1992. Zwei neue Eumeniden-Gattungen und -Arten aus Madagaskar (Vespoidea, Hymenoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 24(1) 1992: 91–96.
CSIRO Entomology Division. 1991. The Insects of Australia: a textbook for Students and Research. 2nd Edition. Melbourne University Press and Cornell University Press（英语：Cornell University Press）. 1137 pp.
外部連結
编辑
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：蜾蠃亞科
維基物種上的相關信息：蜾蠃亞科
Eumenes spp., potter wasps of Florida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Vespidae: Potter wasps; Vespid wasps; Social wasps; Hornets; Paper wasps; Yellowjackets （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Subfamily Eumeninae - Potter and Mason Wasps （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）